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of 1.50 m × 1.20 m × 1.20 m in size (total internal volume: 1.31 m3) were constructed in reinforced concrete to prevent cracks due to temperature changes following the alternation of the rainy and the dry seasons. At the bottom of each microplot (1.45 m depth), perforated PVC pipes were installed and connected to an external tap through the concrete wall for sub-drain the soil (Figure 3). The design was intended to improve circulation of water and oxygen within the rice roots zone. Microplots were filled with the clay-loam soil described above [25] , and then flooded for 1 week. After the flooding period of soil, two 15-day-old plants of FKR 19 rice were transplanted at 20 cm hill intervals. Then, the plants were continuously flooded from rice transplanting until rice maturity and harvest. Three replications and four modes of drainage were performed throughout the study: without drainage (control: T) and drainage for 7 days (P1), 14 days (P2) and 21 days (P3), respectively by regulating the drained water flow from the bottom tap (Figure 3). Chemical fertilizers (NPK and urea) were applied in the microplots according to the recommended doses of 300 kg/ha for N-P-K (14 - 23 - 14) at transplanting and 100 - 150 kg/ha for urea in two further dressings (at rice transplanting, and 60 days after transplanting, respectively) [27] [28] . 2b1af7f3a8
